The Siblings of the Pen: Gareth “Atharī Corleone” & Tālib “Ash`arī Tommasino” Nathaniel once again took our Fraternity to Another-Discussion, about how al-Khilāfah/Islāmic-Governance was influenced/dominated via al-`Aqā’id/Theological-Schools. As per usual, we never allow our Fraternity get in the Way of facilitating Debate between us. So, via This-Article, I’ll investigate the Historical-Ties between al-`Aqā’id & the Khilāfah-Era.
How the Discourse began
This began when Ash`arī Tommasino had postured, via the WhatsApp-Group we’re both in, that there’s never been any Islāmic-Governance, Muslim-Nation/Empire, Muslim-Country, etc. which was ever Bureaucratically-Atharī prior to the Inception of KSA/Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. I literally laughed when my Sibling of the Pen said this & said to myself: “The Beloved is Wildin…lol”. To claim that there was never a Time in which Atharism was influential/dominant via the Historical/Bureaucratic-Rulership within the Muslim-World prior to Post-WWI is Bonkers. So, as usual, what Atharī Corleone did was thoroughly analyze the Claim of Ash`arī Tommasino (via Typical Gareth Bryant Fashion). And, what I’ve concluded is what I’ll elaborate on further via the Rest of This-Article.
Examining Historical-Aqā’id
al-Mu`taziliyyah/Mu`tazilism
Belief: Mu`tazilīs highly focus on Rationalism&Rhetoric (based primarily upon Greco-Roman Philosophy). Also, they claim that Allah is similar to Creation. As well, they’re notoriously known for misinterpreting al-Mashī’ah/Freewill. In addition, they also claim that The Qur’an was “created”.
(Progenitor/Founder: Wāsil ibn-`Atā’)
al-Ash`ariyyah/Ash`arism
Belief: Ash`arīs view that the Fitrah/Nature-Of-Allah is never to be compared to Creation, hence they conclude the “Necessity” to not view the Sifāt/Characteristics-Of-Allah as being Literal, Real, Actual, etc. Also, they’re also deeply rooted in Rationalism, Rhetoric, etc. (Furthermore) Ash`arīs are particularly notoriously known for imposing Unjust-Takfīr/Blasphemy against Fellow-Muslims whom’re Non-Ash`arīs, in spite of the Progenitor/Founder of Ash`arism making Deathbed-Repentance against Unjust-Takfīr against Muslim Non-Ash`arīs.
(Progenitor/Founder: `Alī ibn-Ismā`īl ibn-Ishāq [AKA Abul-Hasan al-Ash`arī])
al-Jabariyyah/Jabarism
Belief: Jabarīs claim that Humans don’t possess al-Mashī’ah, and aren’t responsible for their Actions. As a Result, they also disbelieve in the Day of Standing.
(Progenitor/Founder: Ja`d ibn-Dirhām)
al-Qadariyyah/Qadarism
Belief: Qadarīs deny of the Belief in al-Qadr (Decree/Destiny). They claim that they’re “free” from the Qadr-Of-Allah via al-Mashī’ah/Freewill.
(Progenitor/Founder: Abū-Yūnus Sinbuyah Aswārī & Ma`bad ibn-Juhanī [one of the Students/Followers of Jahm ibn-Safwān])
al-Murji’iyyah/Murji’ism
Belief: Murji’īs claim that Actions aren’t an aspect of al-Īmān. Also, they claim that al-Īmān neither increases or decreases.
(Progenitor/Founder: Ghilān ibn Abī-Ghilān al-Qadarī)
al-Mushabbihiyyah/Mushabbihism
Belief: Mushabbihīs claim that Allah is similar to the Creation, referring to Their Characteristics being “shared” amongst Created-Things/Beings.
(Progenitor/Founder: Muqātil ibn-Sulaymān al-Khurasānī)
al-Jahmiyyah/Jahmism
Belief: Jahmīs deny Particular-Sifāt of Allah, like Eternal-Speech for example. Jahmism historically is notoriously known for claiming that The Qur’an was “created”.
(Progenitor/Founder: Jahm ibn-Safwān [one of the Students/Followers of Ja`d ibn-Dirhām as well as a Contemporary of Ab-il-Hasan al-Ash`arī])
The Ugly-History of the “`Aqīdah/Creed-Wars”
A Summary of the Khilāfah-Era
al-Khilāfah lasted for 13-Centuries consisting of 4-Periods of Islāmic-Governance over the Muslim-World. These 4 Khilāfah-Periods Definied what al-Khilāfah is & isn’t, faced damn near Complete-Collapse, arose from the Ashes of Non-Muslim Ass-Whippins, etc. only to be interally betrayed via al-`Asabiyyah/Xenophobia.
Rāshidī-Period
(The “Rightly-Guided Custodians” Era)
Established the Skeletal-Matrix of al-Khilāfah: Rebellions, Bureaucratic-Development, Initial-Expansion of al-Khilāfah, Tribal-Nepotism, Internal-Corruption, etc. were Hallmarks of the Legacy of the Rāshidī-Period.
23-53, A.H./632-661, C.E.
Umayyī-Period
(The so-called “Arab-Empire” Era)
The Greatest Territorial-Expansion of al-Khilāfah: from the Iberian-Peninsula (Modern-Day Spain/Portugal) to the Indian-Subcontinent (Modern-Day Pakistan). The Most-Powerful Khalīfah of This-Period was `Abd-ul-Malik ibn-Marwān (the Muslim-Version of the Roman-Emperor Trajan). Mismanagement of Islāmic-Territories, Bureaucratic-Corruption, etc. chiefly led to the Implosion/Usurpation of this Khilāfsh-Period.
53-132, A.H./661-750, C.E.
`Abbāsī-Period
(The so-called “Islāmic Golden-Age” Era)
In spite of being classified as the “Islāmic Golden-Age” because of: Religio-Academic Heights, Technological-Advancement, etc. the Weakest Khilāfah-Period (due to the Muslim-World getting mauled via the Judeo-Christian Crusades & the Pagan-Mongol Hordes from the 4th-9th Centuries, A.H./10th-15 Centuries, C.E.). This was the Greatest Territorial-Loss during the Khilāfah-Period.
132-923, A.H./750-1517, C.E.
`Uthmānī-Period
(The “Ottoman-Empire” Era)
The Height of International-Reognition of the Oceanic-Might&Influence of the `Uthmānī-Navy in the World. al-Khilāfah fought Imperial-Portugal for a Lengthy-Duration over Naval-Supremacy via the Indian-Ocean Region. The Expansion into the Balkans was a constant&consistent Blow/Annoyance to Non-Muslim Europe. (Eventually) due to Succession-Crises, Internal-Corruption, World-War I, Pan-Arabism, the Arab-Revolt, etc.: this caused al-Khilāfah to fully collapse. This, of course, gave rise to the Despicable-State of the Muslim-World being without a Khilāfah ever since.
923-1340, A.H./1517-1922, C.E.
Muslim-Politics & Muslims whom manipulate it for their own Ambitions
The Classic Hizbī/Sectarian-Claim that “Most of the Muslim-World has always been upon Ash`arī-Creed”
I personally have heard this Talking-Point for Decades, without anyone providing any such Evidence thereof. Claims must be established via Proofs. This is precisely how/why Muhammad (Peace be upon them) stated:
“The Indictment is upon the Claimant.”
(an-Nawawī)
Every single Time I’ve commanded that Ash`arīs provide Historical/Statistical-Data proving that Most of the Muslim-World has been Theologically-Ash`arī…Utter-Silence. And, it’s because they know such a Claim they pontificate/promote is 💯% predicated upon Hizbī/Religio-Sectarian Sucka-Shit.
Vying for the “Sunnī-Monopoly” amongst the Muslims
Realistically, it’s impossible to “prove” that Most of the Muslim-World has ever been Theologically-Atharī. But, ironically, here’s what can undoubtedly be proven:
All of al-Anbiyā’/Prophetic-Individuals (Peace be upon them altogether) were Theological-Atharīs.
All of the Muslims from Umum/Nations prior to the Revelation of The Qur’ān were Theological-Atharīs.
At least 90% of as-Salaf (as-Sahābah/the Companions & Generations-1&2 of at-Tābi`īn/the Followers) were Theological-Atharīs.
There’s 0-Way to attain, collect, survey, etc. Historical-Data as per which Percentages of Muslims (relative to the Revelation of al-Qur’ān & as-Sunnah) were Atharīs vs. Non-Atharīs.
The `Aqā’id I’ve examined either never took root, or never even existed, prior to the `Abbāsī-Period.
This-Discussion also brings into Account of the 8-Surviving Madhāhib/Religio-Legal Schools which dominate Islāmic-Legalism throughout the Muslim-World. For the Record/Fun-Fact: All of the Progenitors/Founders of any of these 8-Surviving Madhāhib were Theological-Atharīs.
Romance of the 3-`Aqīdahs
Let’s examine the Populations of those dwelling under each Khilāfah-Period
Rāshidī-Period:
Approximately 22Million-People.
Umayyī-Period:
Approximately 70Million-People at its Territorial-Height. Overall, GiveorTake, between 20-60 Million People throughout the Duration of the Umayyī-Period.
`Abbāsī-Period:
Approximately 50Million-People, relative to its Territorial-Height.
`Uthmānī-Period:
Approximately 25Million-People.
Let’s do Some-Math
Combining the Rāshidī-Period & Umayyī-Period together:
That’s close to 100Million-People total.
Combining the `Abbāsī-Period & `Uthmānī-Period together:
That’s close to 80Million-People total.
So, what actually makes anyone think/feel that Ash`arism became so “influential/dominant”, within the Muslim-World, when Ash`arism literally doesn’t even compliment the Mindset/Mentality of the Average/Regular-Muslim? Historically, from Ādam/Adam (Peace be upon them) till now: the Average/Regular-Muslim has had Simple/Simplex-Views about al-`Aqīdah/Islāmic-Theology (the 6-Arkān/Pillars of al-Īmān [Islāmic-Belief/Faith]). Less-Is-More, for the Average/Regular-Muslim. This is how/why Atharism compliments the Average/Regular-Muslim totally. The Average/Regular-Muslim has never been a Religio-Academic. Rather, the Average/Regular-Muslim is only interested in getting to al-Jannah/Paradise.
at-Tafwīdh/Neutrality vs. at-Ta’wīl/Interpretation concerning the Sifāt/Qualities-Of-Allah
The Question/Challenge (from Gareth “Atharī Corleone” to Tālib “Ash`arī Tommasino”) is to actually provide Historical/Statistical-Data, which can even remotely dispute my Research regarding This-Issue. This is going to be Fun, as Gareth Bryant observes Tālib Nathaniel collect Thoughts, Research, etc. to address what I’ve authored. I very much look forward to the Response via my Sibling of the Pen.
Gareth Bryant